Vital Statistics and Demography MCQs 2026

Child-woman ratio rising over successive censuses usually signals

1. Apast high fertility or improving child survival✓
2. Bdeclining birth rates only✓
3. Czero population growth✓
4. Dfalling life expectancy always✓

Crude Birth Rate (CBR) is defined as

1. Adeaths per 1000 population only✓
2. Blive births per 1000 population in a given year✓
3. Cbirths per 100 women aged 15–49 only✓
4. Dmarriages per 1000 adults only✓

Crude Death Rate (CDR) measures

1. Abirths per 1000 women only✓
2. Bdeaths per 1000 live births only✓
3. Cdeaths among elderly only per year✓
4. Ddeaths per 1000 population in a given year✓

The rate of natural increase equals

1. ATFR minus CBR✓
2. BCDR plus CBR✓
3. CASFR divided by CBR✓
4. DCBR minus CDR (per 1000 population)✓

Age-Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR) for age group i is

1. Abirths per 1000 total population✓
2. Bdeaths per 1000 women in group i✓
3. Cbirths per 1000 married men✓
4. Dbirths to women in age group i per 1000 women in that group✓

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) represents

1. Abirths per 1000 population in one year✓
2. Bratio of births to deaths✓
3. Caverage number of children a woman would bear if age-specific rates persisted✓
4. Dchildren per 100 married couples only✓

Replacement-level fertility is generally taken as a TFR of about

1. A1.0 children per woman✓
2. B2.1 children per woman✓
3. C4.5 children per woman✓
4. Dequal to CBR always✓

Net Reproduction Rate (NRR) measures whether

1. Atotal population doubles each decade✓
2. Bmales replace females in census✓
3. Ca cohort of newborn girls will replace itself in the next generation✓
4. DCBR exceeds CDR by 10 points✓

Gross Reproduction Rate (GRR) differs from NRR because GRR

1. Adoes not adjust for mortality of women before end of reproductive period✓
2. Bincludes male births only✓
3. Cuses CDR instead of ASFR✓
4. Dmeasures migration not fertility✓

Sex ratio at birth in demography usually refers to

1. Afemales per 100 males in total population✓
2. Bnumber of male births per 100 female births✓
3. Cmales per 1000 population only✓
4. Dratio of married to unmarried persons✓

General sex ratio of population is expressed as

1. Abirths per 1000 population✓
2. Bdeaths per 100 males✓
3. Cnumber of males per 100 females (or per 1000 females)✓
4. Dchildren per woman aged 15–49✓

Child-woman ratio is calculated as

1. Awomen per 1000 children✓
2. Bbirths per 1000 married couples✓
3. CCBR divided by TFR✓
4. Dchildren under 5 (or under 15) per 1000 women aged 15–49✓

Vital Index is defined as

1. ACBR divided by CDR (× 100 if expressed as percentage)✓
2. BCDR minus CBR✓
3. CTFR divided by NRR✓
4. Dbirths plus deaths per 1000✓

A Vital Index below 100 indicates

1. Arapid population doubling✓
2. Bzero migration always✓
3. CTFR above replacement✓
4. Dmore deaths than births in the population (before migration)✓

Primary sources of vital statistics include

1. Aonly sample surveys without records✓
2. Bonly tax returns✓
3. Conly electoral rolls alone✓
4. Dcivil registration of births, deaths and marriages✓

Demographic surveys such as DHS and MICS supplement registration by providing

1. Aonly GDP figures✓
2. Bsample-based estimates of fertility, mortality and health indicators✓
3. Conly trade statistics✓
4. Donly agricultural yields✓

Population census provides

1. Aannual birth counts only✓
2. Bmonthly death certificates only✓
3. Cquarterly GDP only✓
4. Dcomplete count of population by age, sex, residence and other characteristics at a point in time✓

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is

1. Adeaths per 1000 total population✓
2. Bdeaths of infants under one year per 1000 live births✓
3. Cdeaths of children under 5 per 1000 births✓
4. Dmaternal deaths per 1000 women✓

Under-five mortality rate counts deaths of children

1. Abefore age 1 only per 1000 population✓
2. Baged 5–14 per 1000 children✓
3. Cbefore age 5 per 1000 live births✓
4. Donly in urban areas per 1000✓

Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) is expressed as

1. Amaternal deaths per 100,000 live births✓
2. Bdeaths per 1000 women aged 15–49✓
3. Cdeaths per 1000 total births including stillbirths✓
4. Ddeaths per 1000 hospital admissions✓

Life expectancy at birth estimates

1. Amaximum possible human lifespan for all adults✓
2. Byears lived by oldest person in country✓
3. Cmean age of population only✓
4. Daverage years a newborn would live if age-specific death rates remained constant✓

Life table analysis in demography is used to compute

1. Aonly GDP growth rates✓
2. Bsurvival probabilities, life expectancy and reproductive rates✓
3. Conly inflation indices✓
4. Donly export volumes✓

Dependency ratio compares

1. Abirths to deaths only✓
2. Bdependent population (young + old) to working-age population✓
3. Curban to rural population only✓
4. Dmales to females only✓

Youth dependency ratio uses

1. Apopulation 65+ only✓
2. Btotal fertility rate✓
3. Cpopulation aged 0–14 relative to working-age population✓
4. Dsex ratio at birth✓

Old-age dependency ratio uses

1. Achildren under 5 only✓
2. Binfant mortality rate✓
3. Cpopulation aged 65 and over relative to working-age population✓
4. DCBR alone✓

Demographic transition theory describes movement from

1. Ahigh birth and death rates to low birth and death rates✓
2. Blow fertility to high fertility always✓
3. Cmigration-only population change✓
4. Durban to rural dominance✓

Vital statistics registration in Pakistan is primarily the responsibility of

1. APBS alone without provinces✓
2. BState Bank only✓
3. CFBR tax registration only✓
4. Dprovincial and local civil registration systems (NADRA supports CNIC-linked records)✓

A population with TFR of 3.5 and declining ASFR at younger ages may still show

1. Aimmediate old-age dependency peak✓
2. Bzero natural increase next year✓
3. Csex ratio below 50 males per 100 females✓
4. Dhigh youth dependency until cohorts age through✓

Stage I of demographic transition is characterized by

1. Alow CBR and low CDR✓
2. Bhigh CBR and high CDR with slow population growth✓
3. Czero migration✓
4. DTFR below replacement✓

Stage II of demographic transition shows

1. Ahigh CBR but falling CDR leading to rapid population growth✓
2. Bfalling CBR and rising CDR✓
3. Cimmediate zero growth✓
4. DTFR below 1.0✓

Stage III of demographic transition features

1. Arising CBR and CDR together✓
2. Bdeclining CBR and relatively low CDR✓
3. Czero life expectancy gains✓
4. Donly migration-driven growth✓

Stage IV of demographic transition has

1. Aextremely high IMR✓
2. Blow CBR and low CDR near balance✓
3. CTFR above 6 always✓
4. Dnegative life expectancy✓

Population pyramid with a wide base indicates

1. Arapid population decline✓
2. Bonly elderly population✓
3. Czero births in recent years✓
4. Dhigh fertility and youthful age structure✓

A constricting population pyramid base suggests

1. Arising birth rates✓
2. Bdoubling time of 10 years✓
3. Cdeclining fertility and ageing population✓
4. Donly male surplus at birth✓

Population growth rate (annual) approximates

1. ATFR times CBR only✓
2. BCDR divided by CBR✓
3. Cbirth rate minus death rate plus net migration rate (per 1000 or percent)✓
4. Dsex ratio change only✓

Doubling time of population at constant growth rate r (percent) is roughly

1. A70 divided by r (rule of 70)✓
2. Br divided by 70✓
3. CCBR minus CDR only without formula✓
4. DTFR times 2 always✓

Demographic dividend occurs when

1. ACDR exceeds CBR permanently✓
2. BTFR rises above 5✓
3. Cworking-age share rises relative to dependents, boosting economic potential✓
4. Dmigration is zero by law✓

Total population size in intercensal estimates is updated using

1. Aonly sample surveys without census✓
2. Bcensus base plus births minus deaths plus net migration✓
3. Conly electoral registration✓
4. Donly tax filer counts✓

Civil registration completeness affects vital statistics because

1. Aincomplete registration understates true births and deaths✓
2. Bit raises CBR artificially always✓
3. Cit eliminates need for census✓
4. Dit measures GDP directly✓

Pakistan's 2017 Housing and Population Census was conducted by

1. ANADRA alone without PBS✓
2. BPakistan Bureau of Statistics with provincial cooperation✓
3. CState Bank of Pakistan✓
4. DSecurities and Exchange Commission✓

De facto census enumeration counts persons

1. Aat permanent legal domicile only✓
2. Bwhere they are found on census night (present location)✓
3. Conly at place of birth✓
4. Donly registered voters at home address✓

De jure census enumeration counts persons

1. Aonly tourists present on census night✓
2. Bonly factory workers on shift✓
3. Cat their usual place of residence✓
4. Donly hospital patients temporarily absent✓

Standard reproductive age span for fertility rates is typically

1. A0–14 years for all persons✓
2. B50–64 years for men only✓
3. C15–49 years for women✓
4. D65+ for elderly fertility✓

General Fertility Rate (GFR) uses

1. Atotal births per 1000 women aged 15–49✓
2. Bbirths per 1000 total population✓
3. Cdeaths per 1000 women 15–49✓
4. DTFR summed over men✓

Stillbirths are generally excluded from

1. Amaternal mortality statistics only✓
2. Bage-specific death rates of adults✓
3. Ccensus housing units✓
4. Dlive birth counts used in CBR and TFR✓

Age-specific death rates are used to construct

1. Alife tables and life expectancy✓
2. Bpopulation pyramids only without mortality✓
3. CTFR directly without births✓
4. Dsex ratio at birth only✓

When CBR is 25 and CDR is 7, the Vital Index equals

1. Aapproximately 357 (25/7 × 100)✓
2. B32 percent✓
3. C18 per 1000✓
4. Dequal to TFR of 2.1✓

Urbanization rate in demography refers to

1. Apercentage of population living in urban areas✓
2. BCBR in cities minus CBR in rural areas✓
3. CTFR in metropolitan areas only✓
4. Dmigration to foreign countries only✓

Net migration rate is

1. A(immigrants − emigrants) per 1000 population in a period✓
2. Binternal rural–urban moves only within same total✓
3. Cbirths minus deaths✓
4. DTFR minus NRR✓

Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) is a key source for

1. Anational income accounts only✓
2. Bwholesale price indices✓
3. Cfertility, family planning, child and maternal health indicators✓
4. Dcustoms tariff schedules✓