Renewable Energy and Pakistan Power Sector MCQs 2026

Climate change impact on Pakistan hydrology may affect

1. Aonly fixed constant flow forever unchanged✓
2. Bonly electrical wire resistance✓
3. Conly urban traffic signals✓
4. Dglacier melt patterns and seasonal river flows✓

Suki Kinari hydropower is

1. Asolar farm in Cholistan only✓
2. Bcoal mine in Thar only✓
3. Crun-of-river project on Kunhar River✓
4. Dwind farm in Gharo only✓

Karot hydropower project is on

1. AIndus at Attock only✓
2. BJhelum River✓
3. CRavi at Lahore✓
4. DDasht River Gwadar✓

HVDC transmission may be used for

1. Along distance bulk power with lower losses than AC in some cases✓
2. Bonly household 230 V wiring exclusively✓
3. Conly single solar panel interconnection✓
4. Donly battery cell level✓

Captive power plant in factory

1. Agenerates electricity for own use may export surplus✓
2. Bonly sells only to foreign grid always✓
3. Conly pumps water without generation✓
4. Donly stores coal without combustion✓

Power factor penalty on industrial bills encourages

1. Aonly lowering power factor deliberately✓
2. Bimproving power factor toward unity with capacitors✓
3. Conly using resistive heaters exclusively✓
4. Donly disconnecting meters✓

Dust on PV panels in Punjab reduces output; mitigation includes

1. Aonly painting panels black✓
2. Bonly tilting to vertical north always wrong✓
3. Cperiodic cleaning and anti-soiling coatings✓
4. Donly disconnecting strings forever✓

Solar thermal power (CSP) concentrates sunlight to

1. Aonly create PV electrons without heat engine✓
2. Bonly freeze water✓
3. Conly compress air without heat✓
4. Dheat fluid driving steam turbine✓

CFR in hydropower context may mean

1. Aonly coal fly ash residue only wrong context✓
2. Bonly currency foreign reserve exclusively in finance✓
3. Conly compressive force ratio in soils✓
4. Dcapacity factor or capability utilization of plant✓

Unbundling of power sector separates

1. Aonly merges all into one office always✓
2. Bonly eliminates regulators✓
3. Cgeneration, transmission and distribution functions✓
4. Donly privatizes roads✓

Wheeling charges in power sector refer to

1. Aonly bicycle rental✓
2. Bfees for using transmission network to move power✓
3. Conly water wheel irrigation antique only✓
4. Donly coal wagon railway✓

Rooftop solar in Pakistan urban areas helps

1. Areduce bills and diversify supply under net metering✓
2. Bonly increases peak load always✓
3. Conly blocks all grid power✓
4. Donly requires nuclear backup exclusively✓

Transformer at grid substation

1. Asteps voltage up or down for transmission and distribution✓
2. Bonly measures humidity✓
3. Conly filters coal ash✓
4. Donly stores water head✓

High voltage transmission in Pakistan uses

1. Aonly 12 V DC exclusively nationwide✓
2. B500 kV and 220 kV lines among others✓
3. Conly 110 V single phase long distance✓
4. Donly 24 V battery bus✓

Frequency of Pakistan grid is nominally

1. A60 Hz✓
2. B25 Hz✓
3. C50 Hz✓
4. D400 Hz✓

Smart grid features include

1. Aonly paper ledger billing✓
2. Bonly single manual switch✓
3. Conly diesel generators without metering✓
4. Dsensors, automation and two-way communication on network✓

Energy efficiency improvement in industry reduces

1. Aonly increases losses deliberately✓
2. Bonly grid voltage✓
3. Conly water head at dams✓
4. Doverall demand and import fuel burden✓

Biogas from agricultural waste produces

1. Aonly oxygen for medical use primarily✓
2. Bonly solid steel✓
3. Cmethane-rich fuel for cooking or generation✓
4. Donly distilled water exclusively✓

Tidal energy harnesses

1. Aonly river flow in mountains only✓
2. Brise and fall of sea level✓
3. Conly coal combustion✓
4. Donly nuclear decay in reactor only✓

Geothermal energy is

1. Aheat extracted from earth interior for power or direct use✓
2. Bonly solar reflection from mirrors✓
3. Conly moon tidal gravity✓
4. Donly chemical battery✓

Pumped storage hydropower needs

1. Aupper and lower reservoirs with reversible pump-turbines✓
2. Bonly flat desert without height difference✓
3. Conly battery without water✓
4. Donly single canal without head✓

Sedimentation in Tarbela reservoir reduces

1. Aonly turbine efficiency electrically always upward✓
2. Bactive storage capacity over decades✓
3. Conly solar irradiance✓
4. Donly wind speed✓

Environmental impact of large hydel reservoir may include

1. Azero any effect always✓
2. Bonly improves desert salinity always✓
3. Cdisplacement and ecosystem change in flooded area✓
4. Donly eliminates all floods forever globally✓

Thar coal power projects use

1. Aonly imported LNG exclusively✓
2. Bonly Himalayan glacier melt direct✓
3. Conly tidal power✓
4. Dindigenous lignite coal from Sindh✓

Pakistan renewable energy policy targets increased share of

1. Aonly more furnace oil exclusively forever✓
2. Bzero hydel development✓
3. Cwind, solar, hydro and bagasse in generation mix✓
4. Donly imported coal exclusively without alternatives✓

Battery energy storage on grid can provide

1. Aonly unlimited energy forever without charging✓
2. Bpeak shaving, frequency regulation and backup✓
3. Conly increases transmission line length✓
4. Donly replaces all generation always✓

MPPT in solar system tracks

1. Amaximum power point of PV array versus voltage✓
2. Bonly minimum power deliberately✓
3. Conly fixed voltage ignoring irradiance✓
4. Donly wind direction✓

Solar inverter converts

1. ADC from PV array to AC for grid or loads✓
2. Bonly AC to DC only always primary✓
3. Conly mechanical shaft power✓
4. Donly chemical to nuclear✓

Micro-hydel schemes in northern Pakistan serve

1. Aonly metropolitan 500 kV transmission exclusively✓
2. Bremote communities with small run-of-river units✓
3. Conly offshore desalination exclusively✓
4. Donly coal washing plants✓

HRSG in combined cycle is

1. AHydraulic Ram Steam Gear✓
2. BHigh Resistance Signal Ground✓
3. CHeat Recovery Steam Generator✓
4. DHelical Rotor Static Governor✓

Combined cycle power plant pairs

1. Aonly wind with solar without heat recovery✓
2. Bonly diesel generator without exhaust boiler✓
3. Conly hydro with coal without integration✓
4. Dgas turbine with steam turbine using exhaust heat recovery✓

RLNG in Pakistan power context is

1. Aonly river water fuel✓
2. Bonly bagasse only✓
3. Conly uranium ore✓
4. DRe-gasified Liquefied Natural Gas used in combined cycle plants✓

IPP stands for

1. AInternal Plant Pump✓
2. BIntegrated Power Panel✓
3. CIndependent Power Producer✓
4. DInternational Pipe Protocol✓

Circular debt in Pakistan power sector refers to

1. Aonly foreign exchange reserves✓
2. Bchain of unpaid receivables among power sector entities✓
3. Conly agricultural water debt✓
4. Donly motorway fines✓

Load shedding occurs when

1. Ageneration or transmission cannot meet demand so supply is curtailed✓
2. Bgrid has excess power always✓
3. Conly maintenance without shortage✓
4. Donly voltage is exactly 230 V✓

Dispatch order in merit order dispatch typically uses

1. Alowest marginal cost units first✓
2. Bhighest cost first always✓
3. Crandom order✓
4. Donly oldest plant always✓

Levelized cost of energy (LCOE) compares

1. Aonly capital cost ignoring O&M✓
2. Btotal lifecycle cost per kWh generated✓
3. Conly fuel cost for one day✓
4. Donly land rent✓

Net metering policy in Pakistan allows

1. Aonly unlimited free grid use without meter✓
2. Bonly industrial coal plants exclusively✓
3. Cdistributed generators to offset consumption and export surplus✓
4. Dno rooftop solar ever✓

Grid interconnection of renewable plant requires

1. Aonly direct battery without control✓
2. Bonly diesel always without sync✓
3. Conly mechanical hand crank✓
4. Dinverter or synchronous machine meeting grid codes✓

KANUPP was Pakistan first nuclear power unit at

1. AIslamabad✓
2. BMultan✓
3. CGilgit✓
4. DKarachi✓

Nuclear power in Pakistan includes plants at

1. Aonly Tarbela dam✓
2. Bonly Quaid solar park only✓
3. CKarachi (KANUPP/K-2/K-3) and Chashma (C-1 to C-5 etc.)✓
4. Donly wind Gharo only✓

Bagasse cogeneration in sugar mills uses

1. Aonly imported LNG exclusively✓
2. Bbiomass waste from sugar cane processing as fuel✓
3. Conly river water head without boiler✓
4. Donly photovoltaic cells✓

Wind turbine rated power is achieved at

1. Arated wind speed on the power curve✓
2. Bzero wind always✓
3. Churricane speeds only without cut-out✓
4. Donly when disconnected from grid✓

Capacity factor of solar PV in Pakistan is limited by

1. Anight, cloud cover and dust soiling on panels✓
2. Binfinite sun 24 hours✓
3. Czero daylight always✓
4. Donly grid frequency✓

Wind power in Pakistan is concentrated in

1. Ahigh Himalaya glaciers only✓
2. Bcoastal Sindh and Balochistan corridors (Gharo-Jhimpir etc.)✓
3. Cdense urban Lahore centres only✓
4. Dunderground mines only✓

Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park (Bahawalpur) is notable for

1. Aoffshore tidal barrage✓
2. Bnuclear fusion research✓
3. Clarge-scale solar PV installation in Punjab✓
4. Dcoal gasification only✓

Solar photovoltaic cell converts

1. Aheat to steam without collector✓
2. Bwind to mechanical without blades✓
3. Curanium fission heat✓
4. Dsunlight directly to DC electricity✓

Run-of-river hydropower typically has

1. Alarge multi-year storage like Tarbela always✓
2. Bno river needed✓
3. Conly diesel backup without water✓
4. Dlimited storage and depends on seasonal river flow✓

Hydropower converts

1. Aonly solar photons directly without turbine✓
2. Bonly chemical battery discharge without water✓
3. Cpotential energy of water head to electricity via turbine-generator✓
4. Donly wind without generator✓

Diamer-Bhasha dam purpose includes

1. Aonly oil refining✓
2. Bwater storage, flood control and hydropower on Indus✓
3. Conly steel smelting coal only✓
4. Donly airport runway✓

Dasu hydropower project is planned on

1. AIndus River in Kohistan✓
2. BLyari River Karachi✓
3. CHingol River Balochistan only✓
4. DSoan River only✓

Neelum-Jhelum hydropower diverts water from

1. ANeelum river to Jhelum via tunnel✓
2. BArabian Sea directly✓
3. CRavi to Chenab without mountains✓
4. DKabul to Swat only✓

Ghazi-Barotha hydropower project is

1. Acoal-fired steam plant✓
2. Brun-of-river power on Indus downstream of Tarbela✓
3. Cnuclear PWR reactor✓
4. Doffshore wind farm✓

Mangla Dam is on river

1. AIndus✓
2. BSutlej✓
3. CJhelum✓
4. DKabul✓

Tarbela Dam is on river

1. AJhelum✓
2. BChenab✓
3. CRavi✓
4. DIndus✓

NTDC operates

1. Aonly domestic gas pipelines exclusively✓
2. Bonly railway signals✓
3. Conly mobile telecom towers✓
4. Dnational transmission grid in Pakistan✓

NEPRA regulates

1. Aonly cricket board schedules✓
2. Bonly university admissions✓
3. Celectric power sector tariffs and licensing in Pakistan✓
4. Donly motorway tolls exclusively✓

WAPDA historically managed

1. Aonly textile exports exclusively✓
2. Bwater and power development including major dams✓
3. Conly aviation air traffic✓
4. Donly postal services only✓

Pakistan total installed power capacity is dominated historically by

1. Athermal (fossil) followed by hydel and growing renewables✓
2. Bonly nuclear exclusively✓
3. Conly tidal exclusively✓
4. Donly geothermal exclusively✓