Cultural lag occurs when

Non-material culture adjusts more slowly than material culture

Social change in sociology refers primarily to

Transformation in social structure or culture

Social Change and Social Control MCQs 2026

96 questions with detailed answers · 27 from past papers · 10 quiz batches available

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Page 1 of 1Questions 1–10 of 96

Q1medium
Cultural lag occurs when
1. ATradition changes faster than technology in every case
2. BNo culture changes at all
3. CNon-material culture adjusts more slowly than material culture
4. DAll institutions change at exactly the same speed
💡 Explanation:
Ogburn argued that laws, values and institutions may take time to adjust after technological or material innovations.
Q2easy
Social change in sociology refers primarily to
1. AChange in an individual mood
2. BTransformation in social structure or culture
3. CSeasonal change in weather
4. DBiological growth of a person
💡 Explanation:
Social change concerns shifts in institutions, roles, values, norms and patterns of social relations, not merely personal or natural changes.
Q3medium
The concept of cultural lag is most closely associated with
1. AEmile Durkheim
2. BMax Weber
3. CKarl Marx
4. DWilliam F. Ogburn
💡 Explanation:
Ogburn used cultural lag to describe the delay between rapid material change and slower adjustment in non-material culture such as norms and laws.
Q4easy
Formal social control is best illustrated by
1. APolice enforcing a written law
2. BFriends teasing a latecomer
3. CFamily praise for politeness
4. DGossip in a neighbourhood
💡 Explanation:
Formal social control is exercised through authorized institutions and codified rules, such as courts, police and laws.
Q5easy
Informal social control usually operates through
1. AConstitutional courts
2. BPenal codes
3. CCustom, ridicule and approval
4. DTax regulations
💡 Explanation:
Informal control works through everyday social reactions such as praise, blame, gossip and ridicule rather than written legal authority.
Q6easy
In sociology, sanctions are
1. AOnly severe punishments
2. BRewards or penalties for behaviour
3. CReligious rituals only
4. DEconomic policies only
💡 Explanation:
Sanctions may be positive or negative; they encourage conformity by rewarding approved conduct or discouraging disapproved conduct.
Q7medium
Durkheim used the term anomie to describe
1. AA state of normlessness
2. BA stable kinship system
3. CA form of bureaucracy
4. DA religious ceremony
💡 Explanation:
For Durkheim, anomie is a condition in which norms become weak or unclear, often during rapid social change.
Q8medium
Marxist theory explains major social change mainly through
1. APopulation ageing
2. BImitation of elites
3. CReligious revival alone
4. DClass conflict over production
💡 Explanation:
Marx emphasized contradictions between classes and control of the means of production as the driving forces of historical change.
Q9medium
Weber linked modern social change especially with the growth of
1. AMagical thinking
2. BTribal isolation
3. CRationalization
4. DPastoral nomadism
💡 Explanation:
Weber argued that modern societies increasingly organize life through calculation, rules, bureaucracy and rational-legal authority.
Q10medium
Diffusion as a source of social change means
1. ASpread of cultural traits between groups
2. BBreakdown of the nervous system
3. CIncrease in birth rate
4. DLegal punishment for deviance
💡 Explanation:
Diffusion occurs when ideas, technologies or practices move from one group or society to another and alter existing patterns.
Q11medium
An invention becomes a source of social change when it
1. ARemains unknown to society
2. BOnly repeats old customs
3. CBlocks all interaction
4. DCreates or combines useful new elements
💡 Explanation:
Invention introduces new tools, techniques or ideas, and these can reorganize work, communication and social relations.
Q12medium
Planned social change is best described as change brought about by
1. ARandom accidents only
2. BDeliberate policy or organized effort
3. CWeather cycles
4. DGenetic mutation alone
💡 Explanation:
Planned change is intentional and usually guided by law, policy, reform programmes or organized collective action.
Q13easy
A social movement is a
1. AShort private habit
2. BBiological instinct
3. COrganized collective effort for change
4. DPurely accidental crowd
💡 Explanation:
Social movements involve sustained collective action aimed at promoting, resisting or reversing social change.
Q14easy
A reform movement usually seeks to
1. AChange parts of a system without replacing it
2. BDestroy all social institutions
3. CStop every legal process
4. DReturn society to prehistory
💡 Explanation:
Reform movements aim at limited or specific changes within the existing social and political order.
Q15medium
A revolutionary movement differs from a reform movement because it seeks
1. AA minor administrative adjustment
2. BFundamental transformation of the order
3. COnly ceremonial change
4. DNo change in institutions
💡 Explanation:
Revolutionary movements attempt deep and rapid restructuring of political, economic or social institutions.
Q16medium
Modernization generally refers to a movement from traditional patterns toward
1. AComplete isolation
2. BClan rule only
3. CAbolition of technology
4. DIndustrial, urban and rational organization
💡 Explanation:
Modernization involves industrialization, urbanization, education, bureaucracy and more rational forms of organization.
Q17medium
Globalization affects social change by increasing
1. AWorldwide interdependence and exchange
2. BTotal cultural isolation
3. COnly village endogamy
4. DAbsence of communication
💡 Explanation:
Globalization links societies through trade, migration, media and technology, making local change more connected to global processes.
Q18easy
The main purpose of social control is to
1. AEliminate all diversity
2. BPrevent every innovation
3. CMaintain conformity to norms
4. DIncrease biological heredity
💡 Explanation:
Social control encourages people to follow socially approved norms and helps maintain order in group life.
Q19easy
Folkways are best understood as
1. AFormal written laws
2. BEveryday customary ways of acting
3. CSacred legal commands
4. DScientific formulas
💡 Explanation:
Folkways are routine customs and conventions; violating them is usually considered improper rather than deeply immoral.
Q20medium
Mores differ from folkways because mores are
1. AAlways written by courts
2. BOnly about clothing fashion
3. CFree of moral judgment
4. DMorally significant norms
💡 Explanation:
Mores express strong moral standards of a society, so their violation brings stronger disapproval than violation of folkways.
Q21easy
Laws are formal norms because they are
1. ACodified and enforced by authority
2. BAlways unwritten
3. COnly family customs
4. DPrivate habits of individuals
💡 Explanation:
Laws are officially recognized rules backed by legitimate authority and formal sanctions.
Q22medium
Internalization of norms means that people
1. AIgnore society completely
2. BObey only under police force
3. CAccept norms as part of themselves
4. DReject all values equally
💡 Explanation:
Internalized norms guide behaviour from within because individuals come to see them as proper and legitimate.
Q23medium
External social control relies mainly on
1. AInherited reflexes
2. BRewards, punishments and pressure
3. CPrivate dreams
4. DClimate alone
💡 Explanation:
External control comes from outside the individual through sanctions, supervision, authority and social pressure.
Q24easy
Deviance in sociology means behaviour that
1. AViolates accepted social norms
2. BAlways improves health
3. COccurs only in cities
4. DHas no social meaning
💡 Explanation:
Deviance is defined by departure from norms recognized by a group or society; it is not limited to criminal acts.
Q25medium
Labelling theory explains deviance mainly as a result of
1. AWeather patterns
2. BBlood group
3. CPopulation density alone
4. DSocial reaction and labels
💡 Explanation:
Labelling theory argues that deviance is shaped when society labels certain persons or acts as deviant.
Q26hard
Merton strain theory links deviance to a gap between
1. AKinship and religion
2. BWeather and harvests
3. CCultural goals and legitimate means
4. DAge and gender only
💡 Explanation:
Merton argued that pressure toward deviance arises when valued goals are emphasized but legitimate means to achieve them are blocked.
Q27medium
Resistance to social change commonly arises from
1. AAbsence of any interests
2. BVested interests and attachment to tradition
3. CPerfect agreement among groups
4. DInstant acceptance of innovation
💡 Explanation:
Groups benefiting from existing arrangements or strongly attached to established values often resist new patterns.
Q28easy
Technological change often affects society first by altering
1. ATools, production and communication
2. BBlood relations biologically
3. CThe laws of gravity
4. DHuman chromosomes
💡 Explanation:
New technology changes how people work, communicate and organize institutions, which then influences wider social life.
Q29medium
Demographic change becomes sociologically important because it changes
1. AOnly rainfall patterns
2. BSize, composition and distribution of population
3. CAtomic structure
4. DThe orbit of planets
💡 Explanation:
Population size, age structure, sex composition and migration patterns influence institutions, labour markets and social policy.
Q30medium
Evolutionary theories of social change generally emphasize
1. ASudden random disorder only
2. BNo sequence in history
3. CPermanent stagnation
4. DGradual development through stages
💡 Explanation:
Evolutionary theories view societies as moving through stages of increasing complexity or differentiation over time.
Q31medium
Cyclical theories of social change usually stress
1. ALinear progress forever
2. BNo historical repetition
3. CRise, decline and recurrence
4. DOnly biological inheritance
💡 Explanation:
Cyclical theories interpret societies or civilizations as passing through recurring patterns such as growth, peak and decline.
Q32hard
Functionalist theory tends to view social change as
1. AAdjustment that restores system balance
2. BOnly class warfare
3. CA purely individual choice
4. DA random biological accident
💡 Explanation:
Functionalists often analyze change as adaptation among interdependent parts of society to maintain stability or equilibrium.
Q33medium
Social disorganization refers to
1. APerfect institutional harmony
2. BBreakdown or weakening of social controls
3. CA rise in rainfall
4. DComplete genetic uniformity
💡 Explanation:
Social disorganization occurs when institutions and norms fail to regulate behaviour effectively, often during rapid change.
Q34hard
Relative deprivation in social movement theory means
1. AAbsolute absence of food only
2. BLegal ownership of property
3. CFeeling disadvantaged compared with others
4. DComplete equality of opportunity
💡 Explanation:
Relative deprivation is a perceived gap between expectations and actual conditions, often compared with other groups.
Q35easy
Which institution is a common agent of deliberate social change
1. ARock erosion
2. BGenetic drift
3. COcean tides
4. DEducation system
💡 Explanation:
Education transmits new knowledge, civic values and skills, so it is often used deliberately to guide social reform.
Q36medium
Conflict theory emphasizes social change produced by
1. APower struggles and inequality
2. BPerfect consensus only
3. CBiological instincts alone
4. DNatural seasons only
💡 Explanation:
Conflict theorists focus on unequal power, competing interests and struggles between groups as sources of change.
Q37easy
Education contributes to social control mainly by
1. AEnding all cultural transmission
2. BSocializing students into shared norms
3. CRemoving every rule
4. DStopping role learning
💡 Explanation:
Schools teach discipline, civic values, punctuality and accepted behaviour, which supports social regulation.
Q38easy
A positive sanction is best represented by
1. AA fine for speeding
2. BImprisonment
3. CPublic praise for honesty
4. DSocial boycott
💡 Explanation:
Positive sanctions reward approved behaviour and encourage its repetition; praise is a common informal example.
Q39easy
A negative sanction is intended to
1. ADiscourage rule-breaking behaviour
2. BReward conformity with prizes
3. CCreate new technology
4. DIncrease birth rate
💡 Explanation:
Negative sanctions impose disapproval or punishment to reduce behaviour considered deviant or unacceptable.
Q40medium
Material culture changes most directly when society adopts new
1. AValues only
2. BMyths only
3. CKinship terms only
4. DTools and physical objects
💡 Explanation:
Material culture consists of physical objects and technologies, so new tools or machines directly alter it.
Q41medium
Secularization means a decline in the social influence of
1. AReligious institutions and beliefs
2. BScientific instruments only
3. CUrban markets only
4. DPolitical parties only
💡 Explanation:
Secularization refers to reduced authority of religion over institutions, values and everyday public life.
Q42medium
Rational-legal authority is central to modern bureaucracy in the work of
1. AIbn Khaldun
2. BHerbert Spencer
3. CTalcott Parsons
4. DMax Weber
💡 Explanation:
Weber identified rational-legal authority as the authority of offices, rules and procedures characteristic of modern bureaucracy.
Q43medium
Social planning is mainly concerned with
1. AUncontrolled accident
2. BDeliberate direction of social development
3. CPurely private leisure
4. DBiological reproduction only
💡 Explanation:
Social planning uses policy, resources and institutional coordination to guide desired social change.
Q44hard
Collective behaviour is usually less structured than a social movement because it is often
1. AFully bureaucratic
2. BPermanent and formal
3. CSpontaneous and weakly organized
4. DA written law only
💡 Explanation:
Collective behaviour such as crowds or panics may be temporary and loosely organized, unlike sustained social movements.
Q45medium
Public opinion functions as social control when it
1. AApproves or condemns behaviour informally
2. BRepeals all customs
3. CEnds every sanction
4. DWorks only through genetics
💡 Explanation:
Public opinion can reward conformity or punish deviance through approval, criticism, reputation and social pressure.
Q46hard
Durkheim argued that deviance can be functional because it may
1. ADestroy all norms permanently
2. BClarify norms and promote change
3. CEnd social solidarity in every case
4. DPrevent legal reform always
💡 Explanation:
Durkheim held that reactions to deviance can reaffirm shared norms and sometimes reveal the need for social change.
Q47medium
Coercive social control primarily uses
1. APersuasion without pressure
2. BFriendly advice only
3. CVoluntary imitation
4. DForce or threat of punishment
💡 Explanation:
Coercive control compels conformity by using force, fear, legal penalties or authoritative threats.
Q48easy
An informal negative sanction is best shown by
1. AA salary bonus
2. BA medal of honour
3. CRidicule for violating a custom
4. DA formal court sentence
💡 Explanation:
Ridicule is informal because it is not imposed by official law, and negative because it expresses disapproval.
Q49Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/CSSmedium
Conflict theory views social control as
1. Aneutral and equally beneficial to all
2. Bunrelated to inequality
3. Ca tool dominant groups use to maintain power and privilege
4. Dalways informal only
💡 Explanation:
Laws and sanctions often protect interests of the powerful.
Q50medium
Ideological social control works by
1. Ashaping beliefs so people accept existing arrangements as natural
2. Busing only physical force
3. Cbanning all education
4. Dignoring culture entirely
💡 Explanation:
Ideology legitimizes power without constant coercion.
Q51easy
Social change through invention means
1. Acopying foreign traits only
2. Bcreating new ideas, tools or practices within a society
3. Cpopulation decline only
4. Dunchanging tradition
💡 Explanation:
Invention originates innovations that may later diffuse.
Q52Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/CSSmedium
Acculturation refers to
1. Acomplete isolation of tribes
2. Bzero influence between groups
3. Conly genetic change
4. Dcultural change resulting from sustained contact between societies
💡 Explanation:
Contact leads groups to adopt elements of each other's culture.
Q53Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/CSSmedium
Modernization theory links social change to
1. Areturn to feudal agriculture only
2. Brejection of all technology
3. Cindustrialization, urbanization and spread of rational-bureaucratic institutions
4. Dpermanent tribal isolation
💡 Explanation:
Modernization involves structural shifts toward industrial-urban life.
Q54hard
Dependency theory criticizes modernization by arguing
1. Aall nations develop identically
2. Bglobal inequality structures limit autonomous development in periphery nations
3. Ccolonialism left no legacy
4. Dtrade always benefits the poor equally
💡 Explanation:
Core-periphery relations reproduce underdevelopment.
Q55hard
World-systems analysis emphasizes
1. Aeconomic and political domination of core countries over periphery
2. Bisolated village studies only
3. Cpurely psychological change
4. Dunchanging world borders
💡 Explanation:
Wallerstein analyses capitalism as a single interconnected system.
Q56Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/CSSeasy
Social movements are agents of
1. Acollective efforts to promote or resist social change
2. Bonly individual biography
3. Conly biological evolution
4. Donly random accidents
💡 Explanation:
Movements mobilize resources to alter policies or norms.
Q57medium
Reformist social change seeks
1. Aimmediate destruction of all order
2. Breturn to pre-human society
3. Cgradual modification of existing institutions
4. Dabolition of all norms
💡 Explanation:
Reform works within the system to adjust rules and policies.
Q58Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/CSSmedium
Revolutionary social change aims at
1. Aminor administrative tweaks only
2. Bpreserving every old institution
3. Creplacing existing political or economic structures fundamentally
4. Dcosmetic dress changes only
💡 Explanation:
Revolution targets root structures of power and production.
Q59Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/CSSmedium
Demographic transition theory relates social change to
1. Aunchanging fertility forever
2. Bshifts from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates
3. Conly fashion cycles
4. Donly language change
💡 Explanation:
Industrialization and health advances alter population dynamics.
Q60medium
Technological determinism holds that
1. Aideas never matter
2. Btechnology is the primary driver of social change
3. Cculture is frozen
4. Dpolitics alone shapes all life
💡 Explanation:
Technology shapes work, communication and social organization.
Q61Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/CSSmedium
Social change in Pakistan after partition illustrates
1. Amass migration, state-building and transformation of political institutions
2. Bunchanged colonial administration forever
3. Czero refugee movement
4. Disolation from South Asia
💡 Explanation:
1947 brought demographic upheaval and new nation-state structures.
Q62Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/CSSmedium
Colonialism as a force of social change introduced
1. Anew legal systems, education and economic structures in colonized societies
2. Bzero contact with colonizers
3. Cunchanged pre-colonial life everywhere
4. Donly internal inventions
💡 Explanation:
Colonial rule restructured politics, economy and culture.
Q63Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/CSSeasy
Globalization accelerates social change through
1. Acomplete closure of borders
2. Bend of all cultural exchange
3. Ctransnational flows of capital, media, ideas and migration
4. Donly local barter trade
💡 Explanation:
Global interconnection speeds diffusion and structural shifts.
Q64medium
Social control in small-scale societies relies heavily on
1. Avast bureaucratic police only
2. Banonymous urban courts only
3. Cinternational tribunals only
4. Dkinship, ritual and informal sanctions
💡 Explanation:
Face-to-face communities use gossip, shame and custom.
Q65hard
Foucault analysed social control through
1. Asurveillance, discipline and normalization in institutions
2. Bonly written constitutions
3. Conly market prices
4. Donly kinship diagrams
💡 Explanation:
Prisons, schools and clinics shape docile bodies and selves.
Q66hard
Panopticism as a concept describes
1. Ainternalized surveillance where people regulate themselves because they may be watched
2. Bopen anarchy without observation
3. Claw disappearing entirely
4. Dno role of power
💡 Explanation:
Visibility and uncertainty induce self-discipline.
Q67medium
Civil law systems emphasize
1. Aonly tribal custom unwritten
2. Bcodified statutes and judicial interpretation of written codes
3. Conly religious fatwa alone
4. Donly military decree without codes
💡 Explanation:
Continental Europe typifies codified civil law traditions.
Q68medium
Common law systems develop largely through
1. Aonly one written code never amended
2. Bonly village gossip
3. Cjudicial precedents and case law
4. Donly executive orders without courts
💡 Explanation:
Judges' decisions create binding precedents over time.
Q69Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/CSSeasy
Deviance and social control are linked because
1. Adeviance is unrelated to norms
2. Ball behaviour is identical
3. Csocieties define boundaries of acceptable behaviour and enforce them
4. Dsanctions never exist
💡 Explanation:
Norms and sanctions define and respond to deviance.
Q70Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/CSShard
Social change can produce anomie when
1. Anorms strengthen instantly
2. Brapid change weakens normative regulation
3. Cculture never shifts
4. Drules multiply clarity
💡 Explanation:
Durkheim linked fast change to normlessness and strain.
Q71medium
Collective behaviour during rapid change may include
1. Aonly isolated meditation
2. Bfads, riots and mass movements
3. Conly fixed ritual without variation
4. Donly permanent stability
💡 Explanation:
Uncertainty and communication foster emergent collective action.
Q72easy
Social planning attempts to
1. Aprevent any change whatsoever
2. Bignore all social problems
3. Cguide social change through deliberate policy and programs
4. Dabolish government
💡 Explanation:
Governments and NGOs design reforms in education, health, etc.
Q73medium
Resistance to social change may stem from
1. Auniversal enthusiasm for all change
2. Babsence of any tradition
3. Ccomplete lack of inequality
4. Dcultural conservatism, vested interests and fear of loss
💡 Explanation:
Groups protect familiar arrangements and advantages.
Q74Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/CSSeasy
Social control agents include
1. Aonly individual neurons
2. Bonly weather systems
3. Conly geological forces
4. Dpolice, courts, schools, families and religious institutions
💡 Explanation:
Multiple institutions enforce norms formally and informally.
Q75hard
Restitutive law aims primarily to
1. Arestore normal relations and compensate harm rather than punish passion
2. Binflict vengeance only
3. Cdestroy organic solidarity
4. Dabolish all contracts
💡 Explanation:
Modern contract/tort law restores equilibrium in complex societies.
Q76hard
Repressive law is typical of societies with
1. Ahigh division of labour only
2. Bweak shared morality
3. Cpure individualism
4. Dstrong collective conscience and mechanical solidarity
💡 Explanation:
Harsh punishment reinforces similarity in homogeneous groups.
Q77medium
Social change research uses
1. Aonly laboratory rats
2. Bonly astrology
3. Chistorical comparison, surveys and ethnography across time
4. Donly single snapshots ignoring time
💡 Explanation:
Sociologists compare eras and track trends longitudinally.
Q78medium
A sanction must be socially defined to function as
1. Aa random natural event
2. Ba private dream only
3. Ca biological reflex unrelated to norms
4. Da response that communicates approval or disapproval of behaviour
💡 Explanation:
Sanctions carry social meaning tied to norms.
Q79Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/CSSeasy
Social change in urban Pakistan includes
1. Afrozen tribal patterns everywhere
2. Bzero literacy change
3. Cno influence of technology
4. Dmigration, media expansion and shifting family and gender roles
💡 Explanation:
Cities concentrate change in occupations, education and lifestyles.
Q80Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/CSSmedium
Organic solidarity arises from
1. Atotal cultural uniformity
2. Binterdependence produced by the division of labour
3. Cisolation of each household
4. Dabsence of specialization
💡 Explanation:
Differentiated roles create mutual dependence and restitutive law.
Q81Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/CSSmedium
Mechanical solidarity is characterized by
1. Acomplex division of labour only
2. Bsimilar beliefs and strong collective conscience in homogeneous societies
3. Cweak shared morality
4. Dhigh individualism in urban life
💡 Explanation:
Homogeneous societies rely on similarity and repressive sanctions.
Q82Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/CSShard
Durkheim argued that law reflects
1. Aonly individual genius
2. Bonly random chance
3. Cthe type of solidarity binding a society
4. Donly biological instinct
💡 Explanation:
Repressive law suits mechanical solidarity; restitutive law suits organic solidarity.
Q83Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/CSSeasy
Socialization is a primary means of
1. Ainformal social control through learning norms and values
2. Bavoiding all group life
3. Cabolishing families
4. Deliminating education
💡 Explanation:
Early socialization instils conformity before formal sanctions are needed.
Q84Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/CSSmedium
Internalization of norms means
1. Arejecting all social rules always
2. Bindividuals accept society's rules as their own guiding principles
3. Cobeying only when police are present
4. Dignoring cultural values
💡 Explanation:
Socialization leads people to follow norms voluntarily.
Q85easy
Negative sanctions include
1. Amedals and certificates
2. Bpublic honour only
3. Cfines, imprisonment and social stigma for rule-breaking
4. Dsalary bonuses only
💡 Explanation:
Negative sanctions punish or deter deviance.
Q86easy
Positive sanctions include
1. Apraise, awards and promotion for conforming behaviour
2. Bimprisonment and fines
3. Csocial ostracism only
4. Dexile without recognition
💡 Explanation:
Positive sanctions reinforce approved conduct.
Q87Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/CSSeasy
Sanctions in sociology are
1. Aonly monetary wages
2. Bonly biological reflexes
3. Conly weather events
4. Drewards or punishments applied to encourage conformity or deter deviance
💡 Explanation:
Positive sanctions reward; negative sanctions punish norm violation.
Q88Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/CSSeasy
Law as an instrument of social control
1. Adefines prohibited conduct and prescribes state-backed sanctions
2. Bexists only in pre-industrial tribes
3. Cnever changes over time
4. Dapplies only to corporations
💡 Explanation:
Legal norms are backed by the coercive power of the state.
Q89Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/CSSeasy
Informal social control operates through
1. Aeveryday social interaction such as praise, ridicule and ostracism
2. Bwritten statutes only
3. Ccourt sentences only
4. Dconstitutional amendments only
💡 Explanation:
Family, peers and community enforce norms without formal legal process.
Q90Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/CSSeasy
Social control is defined as
1. Aonly self-help psychology
2. Bonly economic profit maximization
3. Conly artistic expression
4. Dmechanisms by which society regulates individual and group behaviour
💡 Explanation:
Social control maintains order through sanctions, norms and institutions.
Q91Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/CSSmedium
Ogburn distinguished between
1. Aonly kinship and marriage
2. Bmaterial culture and non-material culture in the pace of change
3. Conly urban and rural
4. Donly formal and informal law
💡 Explanation:
Material culture (technology) often changes faster than norms and values.
Q92Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/CSSeasy
Social revolution involves
1. Aminor fashion shifts only
2. Bslow demographic drift only
3. Crapid, fundamental transformation of political and social institutions
4. Dunchanged power structures
💡 Explanation:
Revolution implies abrupt structural change, often through mass mobilization.
Q93Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/CSSeasy
Diffusion as a mechanism of social change means
1. Ainternal class struggle only
2. Bbiological mutation in humans
3. Ccomplete isolation of cultures
4. Dspread of cultural traits from one society or group to another
💡 Explanation:
Diffusion transmits ideas, technology and practices across boundaries.
Q94Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/CSSeasy
Evolutionary theories of social change emphasize
1. Asudden violent overthrow only
2. Bunchanging static societies
3. Crandom chaos without pattern
4. Dgradual, cumulative development from simple to complex forms
💡 Explanation:
Evolutionists (e.g., Spencer, Comte) stress slow, directional development.
Q95Past Paper · PPSC/FPSC/CSSeasy
Social change refers to
1. Asignificant alteration in social structure, behaviour or cultural patterns over time
2. Bonly individual mood swings
3. Conly weather variation
4. Donly biological aging of one person
💡 Explanation:
Social change involves transformations in institutions, norms and collective life.
Q96hard
Parsons viewed social control as maintaining
1. Apermanent revolution only
2. Bzero norms in society
3. Cpure anarchy
4. Dsocial equilibrium through shared values and institutional roles
💡 Explanation:
Value consensus and role performance sustain social order.

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Social Change and Social Control MCQs 2026

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