Power Generation MCQs 2026

Transmission losses in Pakistan are reduced by operating at higher voltage for the same MW transfer

1. Atrue✓
2. Bfalse✓
3. Clower voltage always reduces losses✓
4. Dlosses independent of voltage✓

Distributed generation includes smaller plants connected at distribution voltage levels

1. Afalse✓
2. Btrue✓
3. Conly 500 kV lines✓
4. Dexcludes rooftop solar✓

In a Rankine cycle the working fluid undergoes isentropic expansion in the turbine

1. Atrue✓
2. Bfalse✓
3. Conly in the boiler✓
4. Donly in the condenser✓

The boiler in a thermal power plant converts chemical energy of fuel into thermal energy of steam

1. Afalse✓
2. Btrue✓
3. Cconverts mechanical to electrical energy✓
4. Dstores electrical energy✓

Increasing condenser vacuum generally improves thermal plant efficiency

1. Atrue✓
2. Bfalse✓
3. Calways reduces efficiency✓
4. Dhas no effect on efficiency✓

The function of a condenser in a steam power plant is to reject heat and condense exhaust steam

1. Afalse✓
2. Bto superheat steam✓
3. Cto increase boiler pressure✓
4. Dtrue✓

Overall thermal plant efficiency is typically highest for combined cycle gas turbine plants among conventional thermal options

1. Afalse✓
2. Btrue✓
3. Csimple Rankine coal plants✓
4. Dopen cycle gas turbines alone✓

Reheat in a Rankine cycle is used to reduce moisture at the turbine exhaust and improve efficiency

1. Afalse✓
2. Bto eliminate the condenser✓
3. Ctrue✓
4. Dto reduce boiler size only✓

Regeneration in a steam cycle uses extracted steam to preheat feedwater before the boiler

1. Afalse✓
2. Bto cool the condenser✓
3. Ctrue✓
4. Dto bypass the turbine✓

Power purchase agreements define tariff, capacity obligations, and dispatch rules for IPPs

1. Afalse✓
2. Bonly environmental permits✓
3. Creplace grid code entirely✓
4. Dtrue✓

The turbine in a thermal plant converts enthalpy drop of steam into mechanical shaft work

1. Atrue✓
2. Bfalse✓
3. Cconverts electricity to heat✓
4. Donly pumps water✓

Boiler efficiency is defined as energy absorbed by water-steam divided by energy supplied by fuel

1. Afalse✓
2. Btrue✓
3. Celectrical output divided by fuel input✓
4. Dturbine output divided by steam flow✓

A superheater raises steam temperature above saturation at constant pressure in the boiler

1. Afalse✓
2. Breduces steam pressure✓
3. Ccondenses steam✓
4. Dtrue✓

Net plant heat rate is inversely related to plant efficiency

1. Afalse✓
2. Bdirectly proportional to efficiency✓
3. Cunrelated to efficiency✓
4. Dtrue✓

An economizer preheats feedwater using flue gas heat before it enters the boiler drum

1. Afalse✓
2. Bcools flue gases to atmosphere directly✓
3. Ctrue✓
4. Dreplaces the superheater✓

Carnot efficiency sets the theoretical upper limit for any heat engine operating between two reservoirs

1. Afalse✓
2. Btrue✓
3. Conly applies to hydro plants✓
4. Dequals actual Rankine efficiency✓

A deaerator removes dissolved oxygen and non-condensable gases from boiler feedwater

1. Atrue✓
2. Bfalse✓
3. Cadds oxygen to feedwater✓
4. Dreplaces the condenser✓

The pressure ratio across the turbine stages determines the enthalpy drop available for work

1. Afalse✓
2. Bonly condenser vacuum matters✓
3. Ctrue✓
4. Dis fixed by generator rating✓

Hydraulic head in a hydro plant is the vertical height through which water falls to produce energy

1. Afalse✓
2. Btrue✓
3. Chorizontal distance of penstock✓
4. Dgenerator terminal voltage✓

Plant factor or capacity factor equals actual energy output divided by maximum possible output at rated capacity

1. Afalse✓
2. Bfuel cost divided by energy✓
3. Conly for hydro plants✓
4. Dtrue✓

An annual load duration curve arranges loads in descending order of magnitude over the year

1. Afalse✓
2. Btrue✓
3. Cchronological hourly plot only✓
4. Dshows fuel prices✓

Coincidence factor is the reciprocal of diversity factor in load calculations

1. Atrue✓
2. Bfalse✓
3. Cequals plant factor✓
4. Dalways zero✓

Load factor of the system helps determine total energy sales and generation requirements

1. Afalse✓
2. Bonly affects transmission voltage✓
3. Cunrelated to dispatch✓
4. Dtrue✓

Peak-to-valley ratio on a daily curve influences spinning reserve and peaking plant needs

1. Afalse✓
2. Bonly affects power factor✓
3. Ctrue✓
4. Deliminates need for reserves✓

Demand factor is ratio of maximum demand of a group to connected load of that group

1. Afalse✓
2. Btrue✓
3. Caverage to maximum load✓
4. Ddiversity factor synonym✓

WAPDA historically played a central role in developing and operating major public hydel power in Pakistan

1. Atrue✓
2. Bfalse✓
3. Conly regulates IPPs✓
4. Downs all NTDC assets privately✓

NTDC is responsible for bulk electric power transmission across Pakistan

1. Afalse✓
2. Bretail billing to all consumers✓
3. Ctrue✓
4. Dfuel supply to thermal plants✓

Tarbela Dam is among the largest hydel power sources in Pakistan on the Indus River

1. Afalse✓
2. Btrue✓
3. Clocated on Jhelum only✓
4. Da thermal coal plant✓

Mangla Dam on the Jhelum River contributes significant hydel generation for the national grid

1. Afalse✓
2. Bis a gas turbine plant✓
3. Clocated in Sindh only✓
4. Dtrue✓

Ghazi Barotha is a run-of-river hydel project on the Indus downstream of Tarbela

1. Afalse✓
2. Btrue✓
3. Ca nuclear station✓
4. Donly a coal import terminal✓

Hydel power historically forms a major share of Pakistan installed generation capacity

1. Atrue✓
2. Bfalse✓
3. Cnegligible compared to nuclear only✓
4. Dentirely replaced by solar✓

Independent Power Producers sell electricity to the grid often under power purchase agreements

1. Afalse✓
2. Bcannot connect to national grid✓
3. Conly distribute locally without NTDC✓
4. Dtrue✓

NEECA promotes energy conservation and efficiency standards in Pakistan

1. Afalse✓
2. Boperates all transmission lines✓
3. Ctrue✓
4. Denriches uranium fuel✓

Grid code defines technical requirements for connecting generators and loads to the power system

1. Afalse✓
2. Bonly sets residential tariff slabs✓
3. Creplaces merit order dispatch✓
4. Dtrue✓

Merit order dispatch schedules generators from lowest to highest marginal cost until demand is met

1. Afalse✓
2. Btrue✓
3. Chighest cost first✓
4. Drandom order✓

Spinning reserve is online capacity that can respond quickly to frequency drops or generator trips

1. Atrue✓
2. Bfalse✓
3. Coffline cold reserve only✓
4. Dsame as annual maintenance✓

Economic dispatch minimizes total generation cost subject to demand and network constraints

1. Afalse✓
2. Bmaximizes fuel consumption✓
3. Ctrue✓
4. Dignores transmission limits✓

Frequency of 50 Hz on the Pakistan grid must be maintained by matching generation and load

1. Afalse✓
2. B60 Hz standard✓
3. Cindependent of generation✓
4. Dtrue✓

A cold reserve unit is not synchronized and requires startup time before contributing power

1. Afalse✓
2. Balready spinning at full load✓
3. Ctrue✓
4. Dcannot ever start✓

Cogeneration produces both electricity and useful heat from the same fuel input

1. Afalse✓
2. Btrue✓
3. Conly heat no power✓
4. Dreduces overall efficiency always✓

A penstock is a pipe or conduit that conveys water from the reservoir to the turbine

1. Atrue✓
2. Bfalse✓
3. Cthe spillway of a dam✓
4. Dthe generator cooling circuit✓

Francis turbines are commonly used for medium head hydro installations

1. Afalse✓
2. Bonly ultra-high head✓
3. Conly very low head run-of-river✓
4. Dtrue✓

Pelton turbines use impulse buckets and are suited to high head low flow sites

1. Afalse✓
2. Btrue✓
3. Clow head high flow only✓
4. Dnuclear steam applications✓

Kaplan turbines are propeller-type machines suited to low head high flow conditions

1. Afalse✓
2. Bonly above 500 m head✓
3. Ctrue✓
4. Dexclusively for pumped storage✓

Run-of-river hydro plants have limited storage and follow the natural inflow of the river

1. Atrue✓
2. Bfalse✓
3. Calways include multi-year storage✓
4. Ddo not use turbines✓

Storage hydro plants can shift energy production from wet season to dry season using reservoirs

1. Afalse✓
2. Bcannot regulate output✓
3. Coperate without any dam✓
4. Dtrue✓

Hydro power output is proportional to head times flow times efficiency in simplified form

1. Atrue✓
2. Bfalse✓
3. Conly head squared✓
4. Dindependent of flow✓

The powerhouse in a hydro plant houses turbines, generators, and auxiliary equipment

1. Afalse✓
2. Bonly the dam crest✓
3. Ctrue✓
4. Dtransmission substation alone✓

A surge tank dampens pressure transients in long penstocks during load changes

1. Afalse✓
2. Btrue✓
3. Cincreases water hammer severity✓
4. Dreplaces the governor✓

Specific speed helps select the appropriate hydro turbine type for a given head and flow

1. Afalse✓
2. Bonly applies to steam turbines✓
3. Cis the same as electrical frequency✓
4. Dtrue✓

Pumped storage hydro uses off-peak electricity to pump water to an upper reservoir for later generation

1. Afalse✓
2. Bonly generates during pumping✓
3. Ccannot provide peaking✓
4. Dtrue✓

Nuclear power generation relies on controlled nuclear fission of heavy fuel nuclei

1. Afalse✓
2. Btrue✓
3. Cnuclear fusion in commercial reactors✓
4. Dchemical combustion✓

In a PWR the primary coolant water is kept under high pressure to remain subcooled

1. Atrue✓
2. Bfalse✓
3. Callowed to boil in the reactor core✓
4. Dnot used for heat removal✓

In a BWR water boils directly in the reactor vessel to produce steam for the turbine

1. Afalse✓
2. Buses molten salt primary loop✓
3. Ctrue✓
4. Dhas no turbine✓

Control rods in a nuclear reactor absorb neutrons to regulate reactivity and power level

1. Atrue✓
2. Bfalse✓
3. Cincrease neutron population when inserted✓
4. Dgenerate electricity directly✓

The moderator in thermal reactors slows fast neutrons to improve fission probability in fuel

1. Afalse✓
2. Btrue✓
3. Cspeeds up all neutrons✓
4. Dreplaces coolant entirely✓

Nuclear fuel enrichment for commercial LWRs increases the fraction of fissile U-235

1. Afalse✓
2. Bremoves all U-235✓
3. Ctrue✓
4. Donly applies to fusion fuels✓

Containment structures in nuclear plants limit release of radioactivity during accidents

1. Afalse✓
2. Bonly aesthetic purpose✓
3. Creplace emergency cooling✓
4. Dtrue✓

Decay heat after reactor shutdown must still be removed to prevent fuel damage

1. Atrue✓
2. Bfalse✓
3. Cceases instantly on shutdown✓
4. Dis negligible always✓

A daily load curve shows variation of power demand over a 24-hour period

1. Afalse✓
2. Bannual energy only✓
3. Ctrue✓
4. Dgenerator efficiency only✓

Base load is the relatively constant minimum demand sustained over long periods

1. Afalse✓
2. Btrue✓
3. Cshortest duration peak✓
4. Donly reactive power✓

Peak load occurs at maximum demand and is typically served by peaking or flexible plants

1. Afalse✓
2. Bminimum night demand✓
3. Conly hydro base units✓
4. Dtrue✓

Load factor equals average load divided by maximum load over a given period

1. Atrue✓
2. Bfalse✓
3. Cmaximum divided by average✓
4. Dpeak demand times hours✓

Diversity factor is the ratio of sum of individual maximum demands to the maximum of the combined demand

1. Afalse✓
2. Balways less than one✓
3. Ctrue✓
4. Dsame as load factor✓

Must-run status may be assigned to hydel or renewable plants due to zero or low marginal fuel cost

1. Afalse✓
2. Bonly to oldest coal units✓
3. Ctrue✓
4. Dnever applies in merit order✓

Automatic generation control adjusts generator output to restore frequency and scheduled interchange

1. Atrue✓
2. Bfalse✓
3. Conly manual dispatch✓
4. Dcontrols consumer voltage directly✓

The national grid integrates generation from hydel thermal nuclear and renewable sources across DISCO areas

1. Afalse✓
2. Btrue✓
3. Cisolated regional grids only✓
4. Dexcludes NTDC operation✓

Peaking hydro units can start quickly compared to large coal steam units

1. Atrue✓
2. Bfalse✓
3. Cslower than all thermal✓
4. Dcannot change output✓

Reactive power support is necessary for voltage control and is not the same as real power MW

1. Afalse✓
2. Bmeasured in megawatts alone✓
3. Ctrue✓
4. Donly needed in DC systems✓

A forced outage reduces available plant capacity unexpectedly due to equipment failure

1. Afalse✓
2. Bplanned maintenance shutdown✓
3. Cincreases reserve margin✓
4. Dtrue✓