Steel Structures Design MCQs 2026

Limit state design in steel uses

1. Aonly elastic WSD always✓
2. Bpartial safety factors on loads and materials✓
3. Czero load factors✓
4. Donly concrete γm✓

IS 800 deals with

1. Aonly RCC✓
2. Bonly soil✓
3. Cgeneral construction in steel✓
4. Donly timber✓

Factor of safety in working stress steel design divides

1. Aonly deflection by span✓
2. Bonly bolt area by length✓
3. Conly cover by diameter✓
4. Dyield/ultimate by allowable stress✓

Partial safety factor γm0 for steel material in IS 800 limit state is

1. A1.50✓
2. B0.5✓
3. C2.5✓
4. D1.10 (typical value)✓

Elastic critical stress in column buckling varies with

1. Aonly paint thickness✓
2. Bonly bolt head size✓
3. Cslenderness ratio✓
4. Donly slab thickness✓

Classification of steel section as plastic/com pact/slender depends on

1. Awidth-thickness ratios of elements✓
2. Bonly length of member✓
3. Conly bolt grade✓
4. Donly concrete grade✓

Plastic section modulus Zp is used in

1. Aonly elastic WSD always only✓
2. Bplastic/compact section capacity✓
3. Conly concrete shear✓
4. Donly soil bearing✓

Elastic section modulus Ze relates to

1. Aonly torsion constant✓
2. Belastic moment capacity before local buckling✓
3. Conly bolt shear✓
4. Donly weld throat only✓

Shear lag reduces

1. Aeffective area in tension connected by bolts at end connection✓
2. Bonly compressive buckling only✓
3. Conly weld size only✓
4. Donly concrete bond✓

Tension member design strength is minimum of

1. Aonly gross area✓
2. Bgross yielding, net section rupture and block shear✓
3. Conly weld throat✓
4. Donly Euler buckling✓

Net area of angle in tension deducts

1. Anothing ever✓
2. Bonly paint✓
3. Conly weld leg✓
4. Dbolt hole areas along failure line✓

Block shear failure involves

1. Atension plane and shear plane tearing✓
2. Bonly flexural buckling✓
3. Conly concrete crushing✓
4. Donly torsion in shaft✓

Lug angle is used to

1. Areduce shear lag in angle tension members✓
2. Bonly compression always✓
3. Conly concrete formwork✓
4. Donly soil nail✓

Compression member buckling uses

1. AEuler curve modified by imperfection factors (LSM)✓
2. Bonly Mohr circle✓
3. Conly slab one-way shear✓
4. Donly development length✓

Effective slenderness ratio KL/r should be

1. Aas large as possible always✓
2. Bzero only✓
3. Cless than code maximum for member type✓
4. Dnegative✓

Lacing in built-up column provides

1. Aonly tension anchor✓
2. Bshear transfer and maintains spacing between main components✓
3. Conly concrete cover✓
4. Donly paint✓

Batten plates in built-up column are

1. Arigid plates connecting components at intervals✓
2. Bonly spiral ties✓
3. Conly RCC stirrups✓
4. Donly timber nails✓

End conditions affect column effective length K as

1. AK always 2✓
2. BK independent of fixity✓
3. CK zero✓
4. DK smaller with more rotational/fixity restraint✓

Beam-column member must be checked for

1. Aonly axial without moment✓
2. Bonly shear in slab✓
3. Ccombined axial force and bending (interaction)✓
4. Donly bolt pretension✓

Laterally unsupported steel beam fails by

1. Aonly yielding without LTB always✓
2. Blateral-torsional buckling when moment exceeds Mcr✓
3. Conly bearing at support only✓
4. Donly block shear only✓

Lateral torsional buckling is resisted by

1. Aonly increasing fy✓
2. Btop flange bracing and adequate Iy/torsion restraint✓
3. Conly paint✓
4. Donly zero span✓

Web crippling at bearing stiffener location is

1. Aglobal buckling only✓
2. Bonly tension rupture✓
3. Conly bolt bearing only✓
4. Dlocal crushing of web under concentrated load✓

Bearing stiffener purpose is to

1. Aonly aesthetics✓
2. Bonly corrosion protection✓
3. Cprevent web crippling and buckling at supports/concentrated loads✓
4. Donly reduce weight always badly✓

Intermediate transverse stiffener in plate girder prevents

1. Aonly flange yielding only✓
2. Bweb buckling between flanges✓
3. Conly bolt corrosion✓
4. Donly concrete shrinkage✓

Plate girder is used when

1. Aonly short spans with light load✓
2. Bonly timber roofs✓
3. Crequired moment capacity exceeds rolled section capacity✓
4. Donly soil retaining✓

Flange of plate girder primarily resists

1. Aweb shear only✓
2. Bonly torsion only✓
3. Conly bolt tension✓
4. Dbending axial force couple✓

Web of plate girder primarily resists

1. Ashear force✓
2. Bbending axial couple primarily✓
3. Conly bolt bearing✓
4. Donly paint stress✓

Shear buckling of web may require

1. Aonly reduce flange area✓
2. Bstiffeners or thicker web or tension field action✓
3. Conly zero welds✓
4. Donly concrete encasement always✓

Weld design uses

1. Aonly bolt grip length only✓
2. Bonly concrete w/c✓
3. Conly soil CBR only✓
4. Dthroat thickness and permissible/ultimate weld stress✓

Fillet weld size is specified by

1. Aleg length; throat ≈ 0.7 leg for equal leg fillet✓
2. Bonly bolt diameter✓
3. Conly bar spacing✓
4. Donly slump✓

Butt weld in groove provides

1. Aonly lap always✓
2. Bonly friction without filler✓
3. Cfull penetration joint for tension/compression transfer✓
4. Donly tack weld always✓

Bolted bearing type connection transfers shear by

1. Abolt bearing on plate and shear in shank✓
2. Bonly friction without slip always✓
3. Conly weld throat✓
4. Donly concrete bond✓

High strength friction grip (HSFG) bolt relies on

1. Aonly bearing hole deformation✓
2. Bonly weld✓
3. Cfriction between plates from bolt tension✓
4. Donly grout✓

Minimum pitch distance between bolts is

1. A2.5 times nominal bolt diameter (typical IS 800 value)✓
2. B0.5 d✓
3. C20 d always✓
4. Dzero✓

Edge distance for bolt hole shall be

1. Aper code table based on bolt diameter and edge type (sheared/rolled)✓
2. Bzero always✓
3. Cspan length✓
4. Donly 1 mm✓

Gusset plate in truss connection provides

1. Aconnection area for member forces at node✓
2. Bonly corrosion protection✓
3. Conly floor finish✓
4. Donly concrete form✓

Purlin in roof steel structure supports

1. Aonly foundation soil✓
2. Bonly RCC slab always✓
3. Croof sheeting and transfers load to rafters/trusses✓
4. Donly pile cap✓

Sag rod prevents

1. Aonly column buckling always✓
2. Bonly weld cracking only✓
3. Clateral sag of purlins or secondary members✓
4. Donly concrete bleeding✓

Bracing in steel buildings provides

1. Aonly floor tiles✓
2. Bonly paint thickness✓
3. Cstability against lateral loads and buckling of compression members✓
4. Donly zero stiffness✓

Base plate connects

1. Aonly roof sheeting✓
2. Bsteel column to concrete foundation✓
3. Conly bolt to timber only✓
4. Donly truss chord only✓

Anchor bolts in base plate resist

1. Aonly paint✓
2. Bonly zero load✓
3. Cshear and uplift through bearing and tension development✓
4. Donly thermal expansion only✓

Gantry girder supports

1. Aonly static office load only✓
2. Bonly soil nail✓
3. Cmoving crane load with impact factor✓
4. Donly water tank buoyancy only✓

Impact factor for crane loading accounts for

1. Aonly dead load factor✓
2. Bdynamic effects of moving crane✓
3. Conly zero live load✓
4. Donly temperature✓

Roof truss top chord primarily carries

1. Atension only✓
2. Bonly shear✓
3. Conly bending only always✓
4. Dcompression✓

Roof truss bottom chord primarily carries

1. Acompression only always✓
2. Bonly shear✓
3. Conly torsion✓
4. Dtension under gravity loading✓

Deflection limit for steel beams often taken as

1. Aspan/10 always✓
2. Bzero✓
3. Cspan/325 or code-specified for live load✓
4. Dspan only✓

Plastic hinge in steel plastic analysis forms when

1. Aelastic limit only✓
2. Bzero moment only✓
3. Conly bolt slips✓
4. Dsection reaches plastic moment capacity✓

Shape factor for I-section about major axis is approximately

1. Aexactly 1.0 always✓
2. B1.12 to 1.15✓
3. C5.0✓
4. D0.5✓

Torsional constant J for thin-walled open section is

1. Aπd⁴/32 always✓
2. BIyy only✓
3. Czero always✓
4. Dsum of b t³/3 for each rectangle (approx)✓

Warping restraint affects

1. Atorsional-flexural buckling of open sections✓
2. Bonly axial yielding✓
3. Conly bolt pitch✓
4. Donly concrete slump✓

Connection design philosophy can be

1. Aonly welded always mandatory✓
2. Bbearing-type or slip-critical (friction)✓
3. Conly timber nails✓
4. Donly zero bolts✓

Weld all-around symbol indicates

1. Aonly spot weld✓
2. Bonly no weld✓
3. Conly groove only one side without symbol meaning✓
4. Dfillet weld continuous around perimeter✓

Residual stresses in welded sections arise from

1. Aonly live load✓
2. Bonly bolt grade✓
3. Conly zero temperature change✓
4. Dnon-uniform cooling after welding/rolling✓

Fatigue design of steel requires

1. Aonly static ULS once✓
2. Bonly concrete cover✓
3. Conly soil CBR✓
4. Dchecking stress range at detail category✓

Notch toughness measured by

1. Aslump test✓
2. Bcube test only✓
3. CCharpy V-notch impact test✓
4. Dbolt torque only✓

Fire protection for steel may use

1. Aintumescent paint, encasement or sprinklers✓
2. Bonly reduce section always✓
3. Conly zero cover concrete removal✓
4. Donly open flame✓

Corrosion protection for structural steel includes

1. Aonly bare steel always outdoors✓
2. Bpainting, galvanizing or weathering steel✓
3. Conly oil on bolts only✓
4. Donly zero maintenance✓

Weathering steel forms

1. Astable oxide layer reducing further corrosion✓
2. Bpermanent rust failure instantly✓
3. Conly galvanic zinc always required✓
4. Donly concrete coating✓

Slenderness limit for tension member prevents

1. Aonly plastic hinge✓
2. Bonly weld throat failure only✓
3. Conly block shear only✓
4. Dexcessive sag and vibration (serviceability)✓

Compound section two angles back-to-back increases

1. Aonly zero area✓
2. Bonly reduces strength always✓
3. Ctorsional and buckling stiffness about centroid✓
4. Donly bolt pitch zero✓

Shear centre of channel section lies

1. Aat geometric centre always✓
2. Bat top flange only always✓
3. Cat bolt centre only✓
4. Doutside the web on symmetry side✓

Flexural buckling about minor axis usually governs for

1. Aalways major axis✓
2. Bonly torsion only✓
3. Conly bolt bearing✓
4. Dcolumn with I-section when unrestrained about weak axis✓

Effective length factor K for column pinned at both ends is

1. A0.5✓
2. B2.0✓
3. C0.7✓
4. D1.0✓

Permissible bending stress in WSD steel equals

1. A0.66 fy or code-specified fraction✓
2. Bfy without reduction✓
3. Czero✓
4. Dconcrete fck✓

Combined shear and bending in beam web checked per

1. Aonly axial tension in bolt✓
2. Bvon Mises or interaction formula in code✓
3. Conly soil bearing✓
4. Donly slab deflection✓

Stitch bolt in lacing/batten system prevents

1. Aglobal buckling only✓
2. Bonly paint peeling✓
3. Ccomponents separating locally✓
4. Donly concrete honeycomb✓

Column base moment connection may use

1. Aonly pin without any fixity always✓
2. Bonly timber wedge✓
3. Cstiffened base plate and anchor arrangement✓
4. Donly zero anchors✓

Pinned base in steel frame allows

1. Afull fixity always✓
2. Brotation with minimal moment transfer✓
3. Cno vertical reaction✓
4. Donly uplift zero always✓

Erection load case in steel structures considers

1. Aonly finished dead+live only always✓
2. Bonly fire✓
3. Cconstruction stage loads and stability✓
4. Donly corrosion✓

Camber in steel beam is

1. Adownward sag intentionally for service✓
2. Bonly bolt length✓
3. Conly weld colour✓
4. Dupward pre-curve to offset dead load deflection✓

Haunch at rafter-column connection provides

1. Aonly zero stiffness pin always✓
2. Bonly slab thickness✓
3. Conly soil nail✓
4. Dmoment resistance and stiffened depth✓

Portal frame action resists lateral load through

1. Aframe bending in rafter and columns✓
2. Bonly cable only✓
3. Conly truss zero force✓
4. Donly soil arching only✓

Industrial building crane bracket attaches to

1. Aonly foundation only✓
2. Bcolumn to support crane runway beam✓
3. Conly roof sheeting✓
4. Donly sag rod only✓

Purlin design as continuous beam over supports reduces

1. Abending moment compared to simply supported✓
2. Bspan to zero✓
3. Csteel grade✓
4. Dbolt diameter✓

Seismic design of steel frame requires

1. Aonly elastic WSD without ductility✓
2. Bductile detailing and capacity design✓
3. Conly zero connections✓
4. Donly gravity✓

Overstrength factor in seismic steel design ensures

1. Aconnections yield after member yielding sequence✓
2. Bbrittle connection failure first✓
3. Czero ductility✓
4. Donly concrete crushing✓

Section classification compact allows

1. Aonly elastic moment always✓
2. Bzero moment✓
3. Cplastic moment capacity without local buckling before Mp✓
4. Donly slender web always✓

Steel design serviceability check for vibration uses

1. Anatural frequency and damping estimates✓
2. Bonly ULS plastic hinge only✓
3. Conly bolt pretension only✓
4. Donly w/c ratio✓

Girt in wall framing of steel building is

1. Aonly pile cap✓
2. Bhorizontal wall secondary member like purlin for walls✓
3. Conly raft✓
4. Donly truss diagonal only✓